Tuesday, May 21, 2019

A Pioneer Thanksgiving

       The first ''Thanksgiving" of which I have any recollection was many years ago, "away down in Maine," in the old farmhouse that was located upon the banks of the St. Croix river at Calais, Washington county. At this place we held our annual festival.
       Preparations had been going on for nearly a week for the coming event; the old brick oven was touched up with fresh mortar, so that an equal heat would be distributed; the turkeys and geese had received extra attention in the way of increased rations; new kitchen utensils of various kinds had been purchased; the curtains had been raised in the parlor for nearly a week, while everything received a general ventilation, which was a rare thing in those early homes of New England.
       The day previous to Thanksgiving was ''our busy day." The old brick oven was taxed to its utmost capacity with bread, mince, apple and pumpkin pies, while the big kettle that hung on the crane over the kitchen fire, was kept busy turning out long twisted doughnuts of such delicious flavor and beautiful color, that I can scarce refrain from smacking my lips even now at thought of them. I can distinctly hear them sizzle and sputter as they were taken from the boiling fat and placed in the large mixing pan. Another kettle contained tallow, which was to be used in molding candles, as darkness in these November days came very early in the afternoon, and we were not in touch with the electric light system except upon special occasions - during thunder storms.
       What could not possibly be accomplished that day was put off until the following morning, and taken up early before the oven had time to cool off.
       At five o'clock all of the family were up and ready for the duties of the day. The round tin lanterns with holes punched in them, were lighted and ready for use - the rays emanating from them being about equal to those emitted by a firefly of the second grade on the Minnesota bottoms. With these imagined "lights," the men folks proceeded to the barn to milk the cows and take care of the stock, while the women prepared the morning meal.
       After family devotions we sat down to breakfast just at peep of day, and it was then that we first learned who were to be the guests at the Thanksgiving dinner. In recalling these old days, I am obliged to scrape off a deep layer of moss that has collected on the tombstone of time before deciphering the names and bringing them clearly to mind. Now that I recall these once familiar names of Dr. Burke, Parson Woods and others, it seems that they must have belonged to some previous state of existence.
       Things were never done by halves in those days. Lack of ability and means of accommodation were the only limit.
       Breakfast dishes were cleared away, a fire was started in the parlor fireplace, the ''young ones" were washed and dressed for the occasion, and then all was in readiness to proceed with the dinner in order to be as nearly as possible prepared to receive the guests, who were to arrive at eleven, though we were not to dine until three in the afternoon. This fact lent lent new importance to the day, as the usual dinner hour in all families was at noon.
       We "kids" had a first class circus, going into the cookies and doughnuts, and scraping the cake tins that were passed over to us to keep us quiet. It is impossible at this late day to recall all we did, but a vivid memory remains of the occasional spankings we received.
       The big clock that stood like a sentinel in the corner and reached from the floor almost to the ceiling, indicated that the time was only 10:30 when the guests began to arrive. They all came in sleighs as the winters in those days were not trifling, but meant business from November to March.
       Their teams were cared for; bricks and flatirons that had served as foot-warmers were carried into the house and put into a convenient place till the time came to heat them for the return trip.
       When all the company had put aside their wraps and thawed themselves out in front of the spacious and cheerful fireplace, father suggested to the minister that we had better have prayers, as was the custom at all gatherings whether social or religious. This was about noon, and all were seated in the parlor or hallway, while the logs in the huge fireplace lighted up the scene with their lurid blaze and sent volumes of smoke up the mammoth chimney.
       Father was considered a very good revival singer, but he usually pitched the tunes so high that he was obliged to "do-me-sol" a number of times before it was a go; hence it was thought best on this occasion to have the parson lead off, as he had taught singing school previous to receiving a call to preach, and he found it convenient to use this accomplishment on many occasions, especially when requested to sing any of the ''penny royal" hymns. He had a great helpmeet in his wife, she that was Liddy Duren, the second daughter of Capt. Eben Duren of the fishing fleet that left Machias port every season for a six months' cruise.
       The minister was desirous that all should sing, and was especially anxious to hear the children's voices. The hymn selected was one with which all Washington county people were familiar, and was known as one of ''Dr. Watt's soul, invigorators." A violent tap of the tuning fork on the side of the fireplace was followed by a "do-me-sol-m-m-m," while the parson's eyebrows took a back seat on his noble brow, and his lips were shaping themselves to untangle the medley of song that was seeking expression from his swan-like throat. When all had sounded the keynote correctly, they plunged into the service of song, as the boys say, "for keeps." Not a single verse of the whole fourteen escaped, although some difficulty was experienced in keeping track of the first lines; but one of the brethren who was more familiar with this particular hymn than the others, volunteered to help out in all lapses of memory.
       When the hymn had ended all knelt for prayer. The minister, who led, w^as followed by his wife, Dr. Burke and father. Bear in mind that the prayers in those days were of the "hot crop" material, and full doses at that; each prayer was fully half an hour long as indicated by the clock that was in full view of where we were kneeling. Those devout souls were not concerned about the time, as they knew dinner would not be ready until three o'clock, and they could give the intervening hour to this duty and pleasure.
       Mother and one of the friends of the family could not come in to attend prayers, as it was important that some one should look after the dinner. We thought what a fine snap mother was having in the kitchen and at the brick oven, tasting the many good things that were cooking, to see if they were "seasoned just right."
       After prayers, several hymns were sung to pass away the time before the summons to dinner.
       Every crack and crevice in the house was penetrated with the aroma of roast turkey and goose, boiled onions, and a medley of other edibles, the thought of which at this very moment gives me a touch of dyspepsia.
       To make everything pass off "ship-shape," father had one of the Dyer boys come out from town for this occasion, especially to blow the dinner horn. This was a large couch shell with which my mother called the men folks from the meadow in haying time, and was considered a great curiosity. At precisely a quarter to three, the horn was blown, as the signal for all to proceed to the dining room, where long tables were groaning under their heavy loads, temptingly arranged for the nearly-starved assembly.
       We "kids" were not bidden to the feast at the first table, but were admonished to keep quiet and amuse ourselves in the parlor until the company had finished, and then we would be bountifully helped.
       Would you believe it, dear reader, it was just four o'clock when the guests rose from the table to "make way for the children!"
       Never in all our later lives have we experienced so long an hour and a quarter as while waiting for our elders to finish their Thanksgiving feast. Dr. Burke narrated some lengthy yarn about what happened when he was summoned to visit a patient at Schoodic Lake, and Mrs. Eoss, she that was Nancy McKusick, daughter of elder Nathan McKusick, of the Eastport conference, favored the company with an experience ''when she taught school at Passadunkeag," while others had equally good stories to enliven the situation for those at the table, but not for a crowd of impatient and nearly starved children who had been "peeking'' anxiously through the doors, watching the rapid disappearance of the food.
       Before the company left the table it was found necessary to bring in about a dozen lighted candles to illuminate the surroundings, as night let down her shades at about four o'clock on November days.
       The welcome sound was heard at last, Children, you may now come to your Thanksgiving dinner!" Not one of the little unfortunates waited for a second invitation, no, not one. Every chair was taken into the parlor for the company, and a balm for our wounded feelings, we were informed that if we stood up at the table we could eat more. We believed, and accepted the standing sit - nation. Cyclones were not heard of in those days, but I am convinced that it must have been a cyclone by another name that had swept over that dining table, judging from the looks of it after the company had vacated.
       Before our appetites had been fully appeased, we were ordered into the parlor to sing for the visitors ere they departed, which they must do very shortly, as it was now quite dark, and some of the company were a long distance from home.
       Father's gift of song had been imparted to his sons, and he had nurtured and cultivated it by teaching them many of the popular and soul-stirring hymns of the day. One of these was ''The Hebrew Children." This hymn portrayed graphically how they reached the "promised land," "through a fiery furnace," "through a den of lions," "through tribulations," "by means of a fiery chariot," etc., etc. When we had finished the ten or a dozen stanzas and tuckered ourselves all out, the minister suggested that it would be well to offer up supplications before the gathering ''broke up."
       I have a faint recollection of the first part of the prayer, and that is all, for we children were soon in the land of Nod, watching the fairies having a jollification around a huge mince pie. We knew nothing more of what transpired until awakened at nine o'clock the following morning, when we were aroused by the wind whistling through the forest, accompanied by hail and snowflakes, pattering on our window pane.  from O'Brien's Pioneer Memories in Maine.

This free article may be printed and used in a classroom environment. It is reproduced here for extended reading and research into the life stories of American Girl Kirsten Larson. Students may also use the material above in the development of lapbooks/notebooks for home school, private school or public school assignments.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Leaving Home To Work A Different Farm

       It was in the year 1858 that my father impressed upon my mind the necessity of starting out from home and becoming independent — of cutting loose from the parent tree that had nurtured me for fourteen years. It was a trying ordeal. Nevertheless I engaged to work for Winthrop and Stella on their farm, which was located near the then promising rival of Minneapolis — Industrianna.
       This prospective "metropolis" was in Brooklyn township, Hennepin county, a few miles up the river from Shingle Greek; and I may further add that this city of ours might have been located there, if the boiler in the saw mill had not burst and blown the cylinder head out of the glowing prospects that were then in embryo.
       The morning of Aug. 10 dawned brightly; not a cloud was visible in the sky; but a good sized one lowered on the outer rim of my mental horizon.
       After singing and family prayers, and a good substantial breakfast at home, I packed the old patent-leather valise — that Sam Knight brought from Maine — with an extra hickory shirt, a pair of blue overalls, a Testament, with my name printed thereon in gold letters, which had been presented me by my Sunday school teacher for reading the Bible through from Genesis to Revelation, including the first chapter of Matthew, and also for being the only one in a class of twelve boys who could correctly spell Nebuchadnezzar. In addition to this luggage, both material and spiritual, I was supplied with several copies of back numbers of the "Northwestern Christian Advocate," which was at that time to the Methodist religious world what the New York Tribune was to the political world. Divers copies of the "Sunday School Advocate" with the important  adjunct of a good wholesome luncheon, completed my outfit for a struggle with the world.
       The 'bus did not call for me at the door; nor was a train in waiting at the station to speed me on the way. Oh no! for there was not a railroad or station in this infant State.
       I grasped my shiny grip with my right hand; with my left I carried my comparatively new boots, that were tied by the straps with a leather string, and started barefoot for a seven-mile tramp over a dry and dusty road.
       Father had provided me with plenty of pocket money with which to defray my expenses on the way; this was five cents for the ferryman, Peter Poncin, to transfer me safely to the ''other shore" of the Mississippi. The ferry was near what is now Twentieth avenue north.
       Fortune did not smile upon me in enabling me to steal a ride, as all the teams were going the wrong way; but the good-natured farmers had a kind word for me, and cheerfully imparted information in regard to the right road, the distance to my destination, etc. Some of the inquisitive ones wished to know "where that carpet bag was going with that boy?" and I very courteously gave the desired information.
       I was entertained on the road by the antics of squirrels and the flight of many pigeons, and was given an occasional start by the sudden appearance of a black stump that had the semblance of something I had read about in the Bible, where the bad boys told the old bald-head to "go up."
       When I reached "Jock" Estes' farm I felt at liberty to crawl under the fence and get a fat turnip; after cleaning it with a cabbage leaf, I peeled it with my teeth, not having in my possession a pocket knife. This added to the luncheon I had brought along, greatly refreshed me, and I resumed my journey. At 11 o'clock I reached my destination, and was greeted with a welcome such as only farmers can give. I was introduced to the rain barrel, and with a tin wash-basin and plenty of home-made soft soap, made myself presentable, and was then invited to the dinner table. I must say it was as good a dinner as I ever sat down to. New potatoes with their jackets on, turnips, cabbage, fried salt pork, biscuits, milk and tea. I can truthfully say that at this moment I recall the taste of those new potatoes and that fresh churned butter.
       After dinner I took a survey of the surroundings. The house was a one-story structure, with two rooms, and a very small attic, access to which was gained by boards nailed for stairs to the studding, and leading up through a hole in the ceiling. This was my room ‚not only mine, but that of the mice also, and later in the season, of seed corn, dried rings of pumpkins strung on a pole, bunches of sage, boneset and tansy. My bed was on the floor, as the roof hugged the floor so closely that the room would not admit of the luxury of a bedstead.
       The parlor chairs were ingeniously made from barrels stuffed, and covered with "copper-plate." Other articles of furniture were decorated with the same showy material. The family bed occupied half the kitchen, and was separated by a wall of the gay-colored dry goods that served for upholstery. The family was not numerous, hence the difficulty of "stowing away" was not insurmountable. There were but three, father, mother and baby boy one year old.
       To my boyish eyes everything looked prosperous, but new, and strange. I saw large piles of sawed and split hardwood, that showed the effect of the bleaching summer sun; a long stable constructed of tamarack poles, and covered with the previous fall's crop of straw, a corncrib, a grindstone and an ash leech. I was about to describe the well, but will not, as that belonged to a neighboring farmer, a quarter of a mile distant, where we were obliged to go for drinking water; for other purposes water was brought from the river, a short distance off, but up a steep and tiresome bank. What I have mentioned was about all there was, except the fence and a fair display of stock and fowls.
       I was initiated into the mysteries of "life on the farm'' without much ceremony. The first of them was a repetition of the old maxim: ''Early to bed and early to rise'' if I followed it I should be ''healthy, wealthy and wise." My duties were diversified - from dish-washing to keeping away the tailings from a threshing machine.
       How plainly I can hear the tinkle, tinkle of the bell in the pasture, locating the long-looked-for cows; and I can well recall how rejoiced I was when I found them, after having skirmished through the bushes, and waded many a marshy meadow, till my mosquito-bitten legs and tired feet were unwilling to transport the weary little body any further; but the joy over having found them, infused renewed vigor into my wasted energies.
       "Won't the butter ever come?" I have many times exclaimed when I had been pounding away with an old dash-dashed churn for an hour, while for a full half hour symptoms of butter had been adhering to the churn-dasher, which had furnished numerous refreshing licks during the back-breaking siege. I was admonished "to have patience, add a little more warm water, and churn away a little longer." Sure enough, the long-looked-for made itself manifest; and thankful I was that churning came but once a week.
       Notwithstanding the lapse of forty years, I still hold a grudge against Winthrop for the way he bore down on the scythe and axe when I was turning the grindstone. I may see the time when I shall become charitable enough to forgive him; but I fear not in this incarnation. I can distinctly see the old axe and scythe spitting fire at me, and cruelly mocking, While I am making the crank go round. I used to think, "wait till I grow up, and see if I don't bear down upon the person who not only grinds the temper out of the axe, but the life out of the poor youngster."
       "Cold?" I should say so, standing knee deep in frigid October marsh water, raking hay for ten successive days! But was it not fine at noon-time on the sunny side of the haycock eating a good substantial dinner?
       There may be an abundance of poetry about a farm, if you only have time and inclination to rhyme it, especially in picking up potatoes as fast as a muscular farmer can dig them with the ground icy cold; also in pulling and stacking beans, with nasty little black flies getting up your nostrils or into your eyes - taking advantage of the soiled condition of your hands. There may likewise be poetry in husking corn on the stalk in the field in dead of winter in a foot of snow, when you wear the old gentleman's discarded boots stuffed with bric-a-brac made up of old odds and ends from the "remnant counter," and have stockings on your hands for mittens, with a husking pin stuck through to assist in removing the shucks. There may also be poetry in making, during stormy weather, rag carpets from strips of discarded garments; in sleeping a week with the boarding-around schoolmaster, who snores loud enough to shell from its cobs the seed corn that is hanging overhead!
       Here is material for an epic: Hurry up with your chores and go two miles to a 12x14 school house when the only thermometer in the school district has been frozen solid for a month, and remain there six hours trying to thaw out around a huge box stove filled with half-seasoned scrub oak wood. All these hardships are an offset for the square meals and profound slumber the professor has obtained at our several houses.
       "The good times on the farm" that we hear so much of, were about to dawn when I left. I was present at the closing year of the last cycle, hence know nothing what- ever of the "new birth."
       This one year on the farm for my board, clothes and schooling, will, by me, never be forgotten, but will ever remain a depressing "souvenir" in my life's experience. from O'Brien's Pioneer Memories in Minnesota

This free article may be printed and used in a classroom environment. It is reproduced here for extended reading and research into the life stories of American Girl Kirsten Larson. Students may also use the material above in the development of lapbooks/notebooks for home school, private school or public school assignments.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Learning History With Kirsten Larson

Book three for Kirsten Larson's
collection, "Kirsten's Surprise, A
Christmas Story"
       "Kirsten Larson is a Swedish immigrant who settles in the Minnesota Territory with her extended family in 1854. She faces the hardships, challenges, and adaptations necessary to adjust to life in America such as learning to speak English. More changes include making a new friend outside of her own "world" and the arrival of a new baby. Kirsten was one of the first three dolls produced by American Girl in 1986. Unlike many of the dolls, Kirsten's books have maintained their original illustrations (with the exception of the covers). Kirsten was officially archived on the American Girl website on January 1, 2010." Wikipedia  Artifacts at Our Blog for The Kirsten Larson Doll: 
School for Pioneer Children:
Food Out West:
White House Politics and Immigration:
"Kirsten On The Trail" from American Girl Short Stories
Fashions from The 1850s:
Music from The 1850s Performed by musicians and vocalists today:
More Crafts for Kirsten Doll Lovers:
Museums, Universities and Libraries With Swedish Collections: 
Kirsten Larson Collections:
More Links to Kirsten Related Learning:
Video for Kirsten Doll Fan Culture:
Advanced Reading: Historical Fiction about Westward Expansion, Pioneer Life and Immigration:
  •  All the Stars in the Sky: The Santa Fe Trail Diary of Florrie Mack Ryder, The Santa Fe Trail, 1848 by Megan McDonald
  • My Face to the Wind: The Diary of Sarah Jane Price, a Prairie Teacher, Broken Bow, Nebraska, 1881 by Jim Murphy
  • Seeds of Hope: The Gold Rush Diary of Susanna Fairchild, California Territory, 1849 by Kristiana Gregory
  • The Great Railroad Race: The Diary of Libby West, Utah Territory, 1868 by Kristiana Gregory
  • Dreams in the Golden Country: The Diary of Zipporah Feldman, a Jewish Immigrant Girl, New York City, 1903 by Kathryn Lasky
  • West to a Land of Plenty: The Diary of Teresa Angelino Viscardi, New York to Idaho Territory, 1883 by Jim Murphy
  • Across the Wide and Lonesome Prairie: The Oregon Trail Diary of Hattie Campbell, 1847 by Kristiana Gregor
  • So Far from Home: The Diary of Mary Driscoll, an Irish Mill Girl, Lowell, Massachusetts, 1847 by Barry Denenberg
  • A Journey to the New World: The Diary of Remember Patience Whipple, Mayflower, 1620 by Kathryn Lasky 

Thursday, May 9, 2019

The Horn Book in America

Sister and baby play with a horn book in their nursery. Horn books were some of the earliest educational
artifacts in the American colonies. The article below is from 1897 and it shares with our readers just
how 'rare' it was for horn books to survive Colonial childhood use.
       The horn-book in America thought to be extinct - Its extreme scarcity - References in literature to the American horn-book - An American horn-book is discovered by a lady.
English made horn books.
       Until quite recently the most diligent search failed to bring to light a single horn-book in America. The honor of discovering the first - the only one known when these sheets went to press  - belongs to a distinguished American authoress. Long before Mrs. Earle's work was published every learned society, the principal libraries, and the best-known collectors, had been persistently badgered without result. The Pilgrim Fathers knew their horn-book, and when they left these shores in the Mayflower and settled in New England, they must certainly have taken it with them. There can be no doubt whatever that the horn-book has been extensively used in America.
       Funk and Wagnalls's Standard Dictionary (London and Toronto: Funk and Wagnalls Co.) gives  "Horn-Book, a child's primer, as formerly made, consisting of a thin board of oak and a slip of paper with the nine digits, the alphabet and Lord's Prayer printed on it, covered with a thin layer of  transparent horn and framed; hence any primer or handbook; also rudimentary knowledge." In Mackellar's American Printer is a cut of a horn-book borrowed from Chambers's Book of Days. Underneath is printed, "Horn-Book of the Seventeenth Century," but not another word in all his three hundred and eighty odd pages has Mr. Mackellar to say about it. We find in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. V., fifth series (Boston : published by the Society, 1878), on p. 344 an entry (under date 27th April 1691) from the Diary of Samuel Sewall (1674-1729, vol. i. 1674-1700): "This afternoon had Joseph to school to Capt. Townsend's Mother's, his cousin Jane accompanying him, carried his Horn-book." Joseph was Sewall's eighth child (out of fourteen which his wife bore him), and was born 15th August 1688. His cousin Jane Tappan or Toppan was born 28th September 1674.
       One would think that Benjamin Franklin must certainly have printed horn-books, but in the ten-volume edition of his works by Sparks they are not even mentioned. In J. R. Lowell's Biglow Papers (Works, 1879, p. 179) we find, "Thrift was the first lesson in their horn-book and in an article on  "Poetry in America," in Scribner's Monthly for August 1881, is: "The poor books of one generation are often the horn-books for the people, the promise and cause of better work in the next."
       In American literature mention of the horn-book is not uncommon, and instances need hardly be multiplied. But I will add a passage from Mrs. Alice Morse Earle's Customs and Fashions of Old New England (David Nutt, I 893): -

       "Their horn-books, those framed and behandled sheets of semi-transparent horn, which were worn hanging at the side and were studied as late certainly as the year 1715 by children of the Pilgrims, also managed to instill with the alphabet some religious words or principles. Usually the Lord's Prayer formed part of the printed text. Though horn-books are referred to in the letters of Wait Still Winthrop, and appear on stationers' and booksellers' lists at the beginning of the eighteenth century, I do not know of the preservation of a single specimen to our own day. I often fancy I should have enjoyed living in the good old times, but I am glad I never was a child in colonial New England -- to have been baptized in ice water, fed on brown bread and warm beer, to have had to learn the Assembly's Catechism and 'explain all the Questions with conferring Texts,' to have been constantly threatened with fear of death and terror of God, to have been forced to commit Wigglesworth's 'Day of Doom' to memory, and after all to have been whipped with a tattling stick."
       As to what a tattling stick is, Mrs. Earle confesses ignorance, but children, then as now, were given to tattling, or idle talk, and the meaning seems sufficiently evident.
       A special inquiry addressed to Mrs. Earle, in which I pointed out that a careful search would probably lead to the discovery of horn-books in America, bore fruit. But Mrs. Earle's letter is so full of interest that it may well be printed in full.

                                                                                             242 Henry St., Brooklyn, N.Y.,
                                                                                             17th June 1894.

Dear Sir
       I have received from you a letter dated February 13, with enclosures and newspaper, all relating to horn-books. I wrote in answer a short note saying I would make every effort to discover a horn-book in America for you. This note you cannot have received, for in a letter to Messrs. Scribner's you so state. I think in my haste I must have misdirected it. I now enclose to you a print of a horn-book which I have unearthed. And I have had my account of it type-written, as there are stupid or perverse editors who persist that they cannot decipher my handwriting. This of course I indignantly resent, believing that my writing is as clear as print. But I have just had a hard blow to my pride in a letter from the editor of the Journal of American Folk Lore. He wrote to me requesting a paper. I answered him that I had none suitable for his magazine except one on Lord's Day Tokens. He wrote back that he could not imagine how a paper on Long Stockings could relate to Folk Lore, but was willing to believe that I would make it all right, and to please send it. Thus did he interpret my writing. And by the way, these same Communion tokens would form a very interesting subject for your pen and press. I had already planned a magazine article on Horn-books and Primers. I hope the delay in answering you will not make my information too late to be of service to you. -- I am, very sincerely yours,

Alice Morse Earle.

Horn book salvaged from a New
England Farm House.
       "In my book entitled Customs and Fashions in Old New England I state that I do not know of the preservation in America of a horn-book until our own day. The publication of that statement has brought to me a large amount of correspondence on the subject of horn-books, which I have supplemented by careful inquiries of my own in many directions. There certainly is not a single horn-book in any of our large public libraries or historical collections in America, nor in any of our large private libraries or collections of antiques and curios; but I have found one horn-book‚-- salvage from a New England farmhouse‚-- and I take pleasure in sending to you its counterfeit presentment. It is rather dilapidated, both horn and paper being torn. On the back is a picture of Charles II., which might reasonably be said to afford a probable date of manufacture. The absolute annihilation of horn-books in America is most surprising. They were certainly in constant use in early colonial days. I find in the Winthrop letters, as late as 1716, the Winthrops of Boston town sending gifts of horn-books to their country nephews and nieces in outlying settlements. In 1708, in the account book of the Old South Church of Boston, one item of expense was £1: l0s. for 'Hornes for Catechizing.' In old stationers' lists I see gilt horn-books and plain horn-books frequently advertised. As late as December 4, 1760, in the Pennsylvania Gazette with Bibles and primers appear  'gilt horns and plain horns - which were certainly horn-books. This sole and lonely little horn-book survivor is now owned by Mrs. Elizabeth Robinson Minturn.
       She was a Robinson of old Narragansett stock, and her ancestors owned, and used this horn-book. The Narragansett planters were among our most opulent colonists, and were the only Church of England settlers in New England. Many curious and interesting relics are now owned by
their descendants. Each summer I go to Homogansett Farm, the country home of my husband's ancestors, and still owned in the family. It has about a mile and a half of water-front on Narragansett Bay, and is a most romantic and historic spot. I shall make careful search throughout the
summer, and may find some stranded wreck to add to your list."
       The American horn-book (cut 52) discovered by Mrs. Earle accords with others pictured in these pages and was probably imported from the mother country. Whether horn-books were made in America there is at present no evidence to determine. Now that one has turned up, which wherever made, has lived its life in America, others will probably be found. The quest is worth pursuing, and the collector whom luck favors will be envied by his fellows. by Andrew White Tuer - from History of the horn-book, 1897
This free article with illustrations may be printed and used in a classroom environment. It is reproduced here for extended reading and research into the life stories of American Girls, Felicity Merriman and Elizabeth Cole. Students may also use the material above in the development of lapbooks/notebooks for home school, private school or public school assignments. 

Learning History With Felicity Merriman and Elizabeth Cole Dolls

"Meet Felicity" and "Felicity's Surprise"
American Girl books.
       "Felicity Merriman is an auburn haired, horse-loving girl living in Williamsburg, Virginia, who is caught between Patriot and Loyalist family and friends at the onset of the American Revolution in the year 1775. Themes in her core books include loyalty and staying true to one's ideals.
       Felicity is depicted as spunky, brave, and free-spirited, and is often fed up with the customs that young women are expected to observe at the time, much to her mother's disappointment. She can be a little brash, impatient and foolish sometimes, and sets her heart on things often. She is also quite outspoken, but will stand up to bullies, as she did with Jiggy Nye. Felicity also is not afraid to tease Annabelle, Elizabeth's older sister, coming up with the name "Bananabelle". She eventually learns to be more ladylike throughout the series; however, she is still quite active.
       Many items from Felicity's collection were retired in the early 2000s, but when Felicity's core books were dramatized for Felicity: An American Girl Adventure on November 29, 2005, new products were introduced in her collection. On August 27, 2010, American Girl announced on its website that the Felicity and Elizabeth collection would be archived. On March 28, 2011, Felicity, Elizabeth and their respective collections were officially archived. In February 2017 Felicity was re-introduced as part of BeForever." Wikipedia
       "Elizabeth Cole is Felicity's best friend, despite her Loyalist family leanings during the American Revolution. In spite of being quiet and shy, she is known to poke fun at her older sister Annabelle with Felicity – this stems from being teased at by Annabelle, who gave her younger sister the nickname "Bitsy". Elizabeth is also shown to be somewhat wealthier, as evidenced by having a larger home, and a larger garden.
       The Elizabeth doll was introduced in August 2005 as the second Best Friend doll with a book written by author Valerie Tripp, and the character was prominently featured in Felicity: An American Girl Adventure. In the original Felicity book illustrations, Elizabeth had brown hair and eyes but the character's appearance was revised to have blue eyes and blonde hair with the release of the Felicity DVD and Elizabeth doll. Later editions of the Felicity books were re-illustrated to reflect these changes and edit Elizabeth's physical description. On August 27, 2010, American Girl announced that Elizabeth and her collection would be archived with Felicity, which took place in March 2011."
Wikipedia
Our Artifacts for lapbooks, notebooking or keeping a journal about Felicity Merriman and Elizabeth Cole: 
For Research On The Web:
The King in 1774:
The American Loyalists:
The American Patriots and Revolutionaries:
Childhood in the New England Colonies:
Fashion trends in Colonial America:
Felicity's Fan Reviews, Accessories and Clothing:
Elizabeth's Fan Reviews, Accessories and Clothing:
  • Look to the Hills: The Diary of Lozette Moreau, a French Slave Girl, New York Colony, 1763 by Patricia McKissack 
  • Standing in the Light: The Captive Diary of Catharine Carey Logan, Delaware Valley, Pennsylvania, 1763 by Mary Pope Osborne 
  • The Winter of Red Snow: The Revolutionary War Diary of Abigail Jane Stewart, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 1777 by Kristiana Gregory 

Tuesday, May 7, 2019

The Watchers

The Watchers
by John Greenleaf Whittier
written in 1862, published in 1888
Anti-slavery poem

Beside a stricken field I stood;
On the torn turf, on grass and wood,
Hung heavily the dew of blood.

Still in their flesh mounds lay the slain,
But all the air was quick with pain
And gusty sighs and tearful rain.

Two angels, each with drooping head
And folded wings and noiseless tread,
Watched by that valley of the dead.

The one, with forehead saintly bland
And lips of blessing, not command,
Leaned, weeping, on her olive wand.

The other's brows were scarred and knit,
His restless eyes were watch-fires lit,
His hands for battle-gauntlets fit.

"How long!" -- I knew the voice of Peace,--
"Is there no respite? no release?
When shall the hopeless quarrel cease?

"O Lord, how long! One human soul
Is more than any parchment scroll,
Or any flag they winds unroll.

"What price was Ellsworth's, young and brave?
How weigh the gift that Lyon gave,
Or count the cost of Winthrop's grave?

"O brother! if thine eye can see,
Tell how and when the end shall be,
What hope remains for thee and me."

Then Freedom sternly said: "I shun
No strife nor pang beneath the sun,
When human rights are staked and won.

"I knelt with Ziska's hunted flock,
I watched in Toussaint's cell of rock,
I walked with Sidney to the block.

"The moor of Marston felt my tread,
Through Jersey snows the march I led,
My voice Magenta's charges sped.

"But now, through weary day and night,
I watch a vague and aimless fight
For leave to strike on blow aright.

"On either side my foe they own:
One guards through love his ghastly throne,
And one through fear to reverence grown.

"Why wait we longer, mocked and betrayed,
By open foes, or those afraid
To speed thy coming through my aid?

"Why watch to see who win or fall?
I shake the dust against them all,
I leave them to their senseless brawl."

"Nay,' Peace implored: "yet longer wait;
The doom is near, the stake is great:
God knoweth if it be too late.

"Still wait and watch; the way prepare
Where I with folded wings of prayer
May follow, weaponless and bare."

"Too late!" the stern, sad voice replied,
"To late!" its mournful echo sighed,
In low lament the answer died.

A rustling as of wings in flight,
An upward gleam of lessening white,
So passed the vision, sound and sight.

But round me, like a silver bell
Rung down the listening sky to tell
Of holy help, a sweet voice fell.

"Still hope and trust," it sang: "the rod 
Must fall, the wine-press must be trod,
But all is possible with God!"

This free poem by Whittier may be printed and used in a classroom environment. It is reproduced here for extended reading and research into the life stories of American Girl, Addy Walker. Students may also use the material above in the development of lapbooks/notebooks for home school, private school or public school assignments.

Daguerreotypes of African Americans from The Mid-1800s

       Invented by Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre and introduced worldwide in 1839, daguerreotype was almost completely superseded by 1860 with new, less expensive processes yielding more readily viewable images. In the late 20th century, there was a revival of daguerreotype by a small number of photographers interested in making artistic use of early photographic processes. 
       To make the image, a daguerrotypist would polish a sheet of silver-plated copper to a mirror finish, treat it with fumes that made its surface light sensitive, expose it in a camera for as long as was judged to be necessary, which could be as little as a few seconds for brightly sunlit subjects or much longer with less intense lighting; make the resulting latent image on it visible by fuming it with mercury vapor; remove its sensitivity to light by liquid chemical treatment, rinse and dry it, then seal the easily marred result behind glass in a protective enclosure.  

 Photographic Processes Series - The Daguerreotype
by The George Eastman Museum.

       Daguerreotypes are normally laterally reversed—mirror images—because they are necessarily viewed from the side that originally faced the camera lens. Although a daguerreotypist could attach a mirror or reflective prism in front of the lens to obtain a right-reading result, in practice this was rarely done.
       The use of either type of attachment caused some light loss, somewhat increasing the required exposure time, and unless they were of very high optical quality they could degrade the quality of the image. Right-reading text or right-handed buttons on men's clothing in a daguerreotype may only be evidence that it is a copy of a typical wrong-reading original.
       The experience of viewing a daguerreotype is unlike that of viewing any other type of photograph. The image does not sit on the surface of the plate, after flipping from positive to negative as the viewing angle is adjusted, viewers experience an apparition in space, a mirage that arises once the eyes are properly focused. Of course when reproduced via other processes, this effect associated with viewing an original daguerreotype will no longer be apparent. Other processes that have a similar viewing experience are holograms on credit cards or Lippmann plates. Read more...

Daguerreotypes made during the Civil War era.

Mary Brice, 1853
Isadora Noe and Mary Christina Freeman, 1859.
Edward J. Roye, 1856
This free Wikipedia article with cleaned photographs may be printed and used in a classroom environment. It is reproduced here for extended reading and research into the life stories of American Girl, Addy Walker. Students may also use the material above in the development of lapbooks/notebooks for home school, private school or public school assignments.